The original Pantheon was built by Agrippa, Augustus’ most successful general, in 27 BC. We are dedicated to your game. Duration: 3 hours | Linguages: English, German, Spanish, French, Italian, Duration: 35 minutes | Languages: Chinese, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, Russian, Selection of the best hotels and apartments near the Pantheon, in the heart of Rome. Pantheon means "all gods," and though it's commonly thought the structure was a site of worship dedicated to Roman deities, its original purpose is … Also Michelangelo appreciated the qualities of this stone, which he used for most of his sculptures. It was originally dedicated to the Holy Spirit. On the right wall is the canvas Emperor Phocas presenting the Pantheon to Pope Boniface IV (1750) by an unknown. After many renovations and updates, it is now a place where people can go to worship. It was a rectangular building dedicated to all the Gods of the Greco-Roman Pantheon. next to it towards the north, this second square would, 30.40 metres (external) 21.70 metres (internal), Octagonal Hall – Baths of Diocletian – Rome, It was merely restored by Hadrian (emperor from 117 to 138 AD), as stated in the. [7] Cassius Dio, a Roman senator who wrote in Greek, speculated that the name comes either from the statues of many gods placed around this building, or from the resemblance of the dome to the heavens. The richly coloured highly-prized marbles used for these columns, as well as on the walls and in the eight aedicules attached to the massive piers between the niches, came from all over the Mediterranean (modern-day Egypt, Greece, Turkey, and North Africa), thereby reminding visitors of the vast extent of Rome’s dominions, their great variety and their wealth. [69], The dome photographed with a fisheye lens in 2016, South east view of the Pantheon from Piazza della Minerva, 2006, The dome of the Pantheon seen from the hill of Janiculum, Tomb of King Victor Emmanuel II, "Father of his Country", As the best-preserved example of an Ancient Roman monumental building, the Pantheon has been enormously influential in Western architecture from at least the Renaissance on;[70] starting with Brunelleschi's 42-metre (138 ft) dome of Santa Maria del Fiore in Florence, completed in 1436. [46] These were dragged more than 100 km (62 miles) from the quarry to the river on wooden sledges. On the first niche to the left of the entrance is an Assumption (1638) by Andrea Camassei. The checkerboard floor pattern contrasts with the concentric circles of square coffers in the dome. The height to the oculus and the diameter of the interior circle are the same, 43.3 metres (142 ft), so the whole interior would fit exactly within a cube (or, a 43.3-m sphere could fit within the interior). In the early decades of the 20th century, a piece of the original, as could be reconstructed from Renaissance drawings and paintings, was recreated in one of the panels. Perhaps these niches were dedicated to the seven divinities associated with the sun, the moon and the five planets that were known at the time: Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn. The first chapel on the left, is the Chapel of St Joseph in the Holy Land, and is the chapel of the Confraternity of the Virtuosi at the Pantheon. not "Aedes Panthei" (temple of all the gods). The two massive bronze doors measuring 12 x 7.5 meters are not original (in fact they are too small for the door frame) and probably date to the Middle Ages. It burned in the great fire of 80 AD, was rebuilt by Emperor Domitian, but was struck by lightning and burned again in 110 AD. It really was about the divine. A pantheon, instead, was dedicated to the all deities. Original temple built around 29-19BC by Marcus Agrippa Current temple built and dedicated by Emperor Hadrian in roughly 125 AD. Finished by Hadrian but not claimed as one of his works, it used the text of the original inscription on the new façade (a common practice in Hadrian's rebuilding projects all over Rome; the only building on which Hadrian put his own name was the Temple to the Deified Trajan). Ziolkowski argues that Lanciani's initial assessment is still supported by all of the finds to date, including theirs; furthermore he expresses skepticism because the building they describe, "a single building composed of a huge pronaos and a circular cella of the same diameter, linked by a relatively narrow and very short passage (much thinner than the current intermediate block), has no known parallels in classical architecture and would go against everything we know of Roman design principles in general and of Augustan architecture in particular. 3 The exact age of the pantheon remains unknown. This idea is supported by the recent discovery of an ancient set of full scale plans and templates for the portico of the Pantheon cut into the limestone paving next to the Mausoleum of Augustus, only 600 meters to the north. It was at the centre of the Abbey of Saint Genevieve, a centre of religious scholarship in the Middle Ages. On the right wall is the Incredulity of St Thomas (1633) by Pietro Paolo Bonzi. The Historia Augusta says that Hadrian dedicated the Pantheon (among other buildings) in the name of the original builder (Hadr. A projecting portico or porch, faced by a façade consisting of 8 columns at the front and two at the sides. Panthéon, building in Paris that was begun about 1757 by the architect Jacques-Germain Soufflot as the Church of Sainte-Geneviève to replace a much older church of that name on the same site. From the exit turn left to the Spanish Steps and walk along Via dei Condotti (the street that starts from the Barcaccia fountain at the bottom of the Spanish Steps). In the walls at the back of the Pantheon's portico are two huge niches, perhaps intended for statues of Augustus Caesar and Agrippa. Unfortunately the original columns on these aedicules made of precious purple porphyry have been removed and replaced with shafts of rosso antico or gray granite. However, Paul the Deacon records the spoliation of the building by the Emperor Constans II, who visited Rome in July 663: Remaining at Rome twelve days he pulled down everything that in ancient times had been made of metal for the ornament of the city, to such an extent that he even stripped off the roof of the church [of the blessed Mary], which at one time was called the Pantheon, and had been founded in honour of all the gods and was now by the consent of the former rulers the place of all the martyrs; and he took away from there the bronze tiles and sent them with all the other ornaments to Constantinople. The building's consecration as a church saved it from the abandonment, destruction, and the worst of the spoliation that befell the majority of ancient Rome's buildings during the early medieval period. The structure of the Pantheon consists of two main architectural elements: 1. This structure gives access to the door to the main building. [54], The stresses in the dome were found to be substantially reduced by the use of successively less dense aggregate stones, such as small pots or pieces of pumice, in higher layers of the dome. As a result of excavations in the late 19th century, archaeologist Rodolfo Lanciani concluded that Agrippa's Pantheon was oriented so that it faced south, in contrast with the current layout that faces north, and that it had a shortened T-shaped plan with the entrance at the base of the "T". It is also substantially larger than earlier domes. On 26 May 1929, this deaconry was suppressed to establish the Cardinal Deaconry of S. Apollinare alle Terme Neroniane-Alessandrine. [16] The former would help explain how the building could have so easily lost its original name and purpose (Ziolkowski contends that it was originally the Temple of Mars in Campo)[17] in such a relatively short period of time.[18]. It was perhaps restored by the architect Apollodorus of Damascus on the orders of Trajan, but then demolished and completely rebuilt by Hadrian. Two kings of Italy are buried in the Pantheon: Vittorio Emanuele II and Umberto I, as well as Umberto's Queen, Margherita. Three of them have a semicircular floor-plan (the one on the main axis directly opposite the doorway and those on either side of the building on the axis at right angles to this) and the other four (on the 2 diagonal axes) have a rectangular floor-plan. At its thickest point, the aggregate is travertine, then terracotta tiles, then at the very top, tufa and pumice, both porous light stones. The present arrangement is from 1811, designed by Antonio Muñoz. The Pope decided to use the Pantheon as a church, and hundreds of years of constant maintenance and use have allowed it to remain in very good condition. Bearing in mind also that the Greek word θεῖος (theios) need not mean 'of a god' but could mean 'superhuman', or even 'excellent'. This wall is surmounted by a hemispherical dome with a large central hole (the “oculus”). In 1747, the broad frieze below the dome with its false windows was "restored," but bore little resemblance to the original. In fact, it has been in continuous use since it was first built, which is probably one of the reasons it is so intact. The bust on the left is a portrait of Baldassare Peruzzi, derived from a plaster portrait by Giovanni Duprè. It was originally built as a church dedicated to St. Genevieve, but now functions primarily as a burial place for famous French heroes. [21], The form of Agrippa's Pantheon is debated. The central tower could have been used to lift materials and workers to any level of the dome as it rose. The porch of the Pantheon and the rotunda are connected by an intermediate or transitional block, which basically consists of two wedges that adapt the rectilinear geometry of the porch to the circular geometry of the rotunda. The two plaques commemorate Maria Bibbiena and Annibale Carracci. Each zone of the interior, from floor to ceiling, is subdivided according to a different scheme. In fact the dimensions of these templates correspond to that of the original larger columns for the portico. [citation needed], The building was originally approached by a flight of steps. Domitian rebuilt the Pantheon, which was burnt again in 110 AD. It is an early example of Neoclassicism, with a facade modelled after the Pantheon in Rome surmounted by a dome that owes some of its character to Bramante’s “Tempietto”. The Pantheon is a building in the Latin Quarter in Paris.. It is also said that the bronze was used by Bernini in creating his famous baldachin above the high altar of St. Peter's Basilica, but, according to at least one expert, the Pope's accounts state that about 90% of the bronze was used for the cannon, and that the bronze for the baldachin came from Venice. Upon passing through the doors at the back of the portico one enters the single inner room or cella of the temple, a circular hall covered by a vast hemispherical dome. Byzantine Rome and the Greek Popes. The altar with the royal arms is by Cirilli. On the right side is the low relief Cardinal Consalvi presents to Pope Pius VII the five provinces restored to the Holy See (1824) made by the Danish sculptor Bertel Thorvaldsen. Most historians claim that Emperor Augustus right hand, Agrippa, built the first Pantheon in 27 BC. Adytons (shrines recessed into the wall) and coffers (sunken panels) cleverly reduce the weight of the dome, as did a lightweight cement made of pumice used in the upper levels. 2. While this building helped buttress the rotunda, there was no interior passage from one to the other. Pantheon A circular temple in Rome, completed around ad 125 and dedicated to all the gods. Scriptores Historiae Augustea, Hadrianus XIX. Lexington books, Toronto, 2007, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFCinti2007 (, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFWilson-Jones2000 (, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFRoss2000 (, Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Activities and Tourism, M[arcus] Aurelius Antoninus Pius Felix Aug[ustus], S. Apollinare alle Terme Neroniane-Alessandrine, National Institute of Honour Guards to the Royal Tombs, List of the oldest buildings in the world, "Nuova guida metodica di Roma e suoi contorni – Parte Terza ("New methodic guide to Rome and its suburbs – Third Part")", Another view of the interior by Panini (1735), Liechtenstein Museum, Vienna, "Pantheon, The ruins and excavations of ancient Rome", http://www.romanconcrete.com/docs/chapt01/chapt01.htm, "Hooping as an Ancient Remedy for Conservation of Large Masonry Domes", Official webpage from Vicariate of Rome website, Tomás García Salgado, "The geometry of the Pantheon's vault", Panoramic Virtual Tour inside the Pantheon, Roman Catholic ecclesiastical province of Rome, Boncompagni Ludovisi Decorative Art Museum, Museo Storico Nazionale dell'Arte Sanitaria, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pantheon,_Rome&oldid=998285383, 2nd-century religious buildings and structures, Ancient Roman buildings and structures in Rome, Conversion of non-Christian religious buildings and structures into churches, Buildings converted to Catholic church buildings, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016, Articles containing Italian-language text, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, High-resolution 360° Panoramas and Images of, This page was last edited on 4 January 2021, at 17:48. [5], The pediment was decorated with relief sculpture, probably of gilded bronze. Pantheon: A cathedral dedicated to the martyrs - See 78,212 traveler reviews, 37,319 candid photos, and great deals for Rome, Italy, at Tripadvisor. The original Pantheon of Rome was built between 27 & 25 BCE, under the consulship of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa. [67], Circles and squares form the unifying theme of the interior design. Almost two thousand years after it was built, the Pantheon's dome is still the world's largest unreinforced concrete dome. Later construction raised the level of the ground leading to the portico, eliminating these steps. [8] His uncertainty strongly suggests that "Pantheon" (or Pantheum) was merely a nickname, not the formal name of the building. The story of the Pantheon is inseparably tied to the Eternal City. [13] In fact, Livy wrote that it had been decreed that temple buildings (or perhaps temple cellae) should only be dedicated to single divinities, so that it would be clear who would be offended if, for example, the building were struck by lightning, and because it was only appropriate to offer sacrifice to a specific deity (27.25.7–10). Holes marking the location of clamps that held the sculpture suggest that its design was likely an eagle within a wreath; ribbons extended from the wreath into the corners of the pediment.[42]. The chapel was originally dedicated to St Michael the Archangel, and then to St. Thomas the Apostle. Behind the tomb is the statue known as the Madonna del Sasso (Madonna of the Rock) so named because she rests one foot on a boulder. We are two friends who play, love and are passionate about Hockey. which burnt to the ground in 80 A.D. Click again to see term 1/20 On the left side is a canvas by Clement Maioli of St Lawrence and St Agnes (1645–1650). A rectangular vestibule links the porch to the rotunda, which is under a coffered concrete dome, with a central opening (oculus) to the sky. It is therefore clear that a flight of steps originally led up to the portico of the building. Built by Agrippa between 25 and 27 BC the Pantheon was a temple dedicated to the twelve Gods and to the living Sovran. 19.10), but the current inscription could not be a copy of the original; it provides no information as to who Agrippa's foundation was dedicated to, and, in Ziolkowski's opinion, it was highly unlikely that in 25 BC Agrippa would have presented himself as "consul tertium." [60], Though often drawn as a free-standing building, there was a building at its rear which abutted it. All the gods. The original Pantheon was built in 27-25 BC under the Roman Empire, during the third consulship of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, and his name is inscribed on the portico of the building.. The interior of the rotunda is a cylinder, measuring 43.44 meters in diameter (corresponding to 150 Roman feet). It was no doubt chosen due to the fact that it can be carved in exquisite detail. In the Chapel of the Crucifixion, the Roman brick wall is visible in the niches. It was about the earthly sphere meeting the heavenly sphere. Lise Hetland argues that the present construction began in 114, under Trajan, four years after it was destroyed by fire for the second time (Oros. The Pantheon has represented the greatest expression of the glory of Rome for more than two thousand years. [52], No tensile test results are available on the concrete used in the Pantheon; however, Cowan discussed tests on ancient concrete from Roman ruins in Libya, which gave a compressive strength of 20 MPa (2,900 psi). DR. STEVEN ZUCKER: And also in some way about human perception. The Pantheon (UK: /ˈpænθiən/, US: /-ɒn/;[1] Latin: Pantheum,[nb 1] from Greek Πάνθειον Pantheion, "[temple] of all the gods") is a former Roman temple, now a Catholic church (Basilica di Santa Maria ad Martyres or Basilica of St. Mary and the Martyrs), in Rome, Italy, on the site of an earlier temple commissioned by Marcus Agrippa during the reign of Augustus (27 BC – 14 AD). The institution still exists, and is now called the Academia Ponteficia di Belle Arti (The Pontifical Academy of Fine Arts), based in the palace of the Cancelleria. Look how rich the surface is. [58] The Pantheon still holds the record for the world's largest unreinforced concrete dome. There is exactly the same distance from the floor to the middle of the oculus at the top of the dome. [71], Among the most notable versions are the church of Santa Maria Assunta (1664) in Ariccia by Gian Lorenzo Bernini, which followed his work restoring the Roman original,[72] Belle Isle House (1774) in England and Thomas Jefferson's library at the University of Virginia, The Rotunda (1817–1826). [39] The only other loss has been the external sculptures, which adorned the pediment above Agrippa's inscription. Certainly the word pantheus or pantheos, could be applicable to individual deities. The emperor held hearings and gave judgment in the Pantheon. [1], In the aftermath of the Battle of Actium (31 BC), Marcus Agrippa started an impressive building program: the Pantheon was a part of the complex created by him on his own property in the Campus Martius in 29–19 BC, which included three buildings aligned from south to north: the Baths of Agrippa, the Basilica of Neptune, and the Pantheon. This wall is surmounted by a hemispherical dome with a large central hole (the “oculus”). Cassius Dio, a Graeco-Roman senator, consul and author of a comprehensive History of Rome, writing approximately 75 years after the Pantheon's reconstruction, mistakenly attributed the domed building to Agrippa rather than Hadrian. A pantheon was a temple dedicated to all deities. [14] Godfrey and Hemsoll maintain that the word Pantheon "need not denote a particular group of gods, or, indeed, even all the gods, since it could well have had other meanings. From him we know that "the capitals, too, of the pillars, which were placed by M. Agrippa in the Pantheon, are made of Syracusan bronze",[23] that "the Pantheon of Agrippa has been decorated by Diogenes of Athens, and the Caryatides, by him, which form the columns of that temple, are looked upon as masterpieces of excellence: the same, too, with the statues that are placed upon the roof,"[24] and that one of Cleopatra's pearls was cut in half so that each half "might serve as pendants for the ears of Venus, in the Pantheon at Rome". They also organize picket guards at the tombs. "[22], The only passages referring to the decoration of the Agrippan Pantheon written by an eyewitness are in Pliny the Elder's Natural History. The oculus at the top of the dome was never covered, allowing rainfall through the ceiling and onto the floor. Mark Wilson Jones has attempted to explain the design adjustments carried out in relating the porch to the dome, arguing that the Pantheon's porch was originally designed for monolithic granite columns with shafts 50 Roman feet tall (weighing about 100 tonnes) and capitals 10 Roman feet tall in the Corinthian style. The thickness of the dome varies from 6.4 metres (21 ft) at the base of the dome to 1.2 metres (3.9 ft) around the oculus. The first chapel on the right, the Chapel of the Annunciation, has a fresco of the Annunciation attributed to Melozzo da Forlì. In fact, many famous Italian artists have been buried at the Pantheon, including Raphael, an Italian architect and painter. It was moved to the Chapel of the Annunciation, and then to its present position sometime after 1837. Construction. [74], The portico-and-dome form of the Pantheon can be detected in many buildings of the 19th and 20th centuries; numerous government and public buildings, city halls, university buildings, and public libraries echo its structure. [49] These were thought to be a 15th century replacement for the original, mainly because they were deemed by contemporary architects to be too small for the door frames. Mary and the Martyrs,” commonly referred to as “Santa Maria Rotonda.” The reason it has been preserved so well is because of this conversion and its continuous use as a result of this. The only definite pantheon recorded earlier than Agrippa's was at Antioch in Syria, though it is only mentioned by a sixth-century source. The epigraph was written by Pietro Bembo. Portico/Porch. The formwork would have been easier to move, to position precisely and to remove. In 609, Emperor Phocas gave it to Pope Boniface IV, who consecrated it, dedicated it to St. Mary and all the Christian martyrs, and renamed it Santa Maria ad Martyres. Because of this, the interior floor is equipped with drains and has been built with an incline of about 30 centimetres (12 in) to promote water runoff.[62][63]. Due to the removal of the Roman sculpture on the inside, however, we cannot be sure exactly which gods the temple was dedicated to. However we don’t know for sure why the pantheon was built. The Pantheon of Rome is the best-preserved major edifice of ancient Rome and one of the most significant buildings in architectural history. The Pantheon was an ancient Roman Temple which has been converted into a church dedicated to “St. Alternatively, it has also been argued that the scale of the portico related to the urban design of the space in front of the temple. The top of the rotunda wall features a series of brick relieving arches, visible on the outside and built into the mass of the brickwork. [48] Thus, it was necessary to either drag them or to move them on rollers to the construction site. The name Pantheon means “Temple dedicated to all gods ”. [73] Other notable replicas, such as The Rotunda (New York) (1818), do not survive. A temple dedicated to all gods. At the very top, where the dome would be at its weakest and vulnerable to collapse, the oculus actually lightens the load. This description was widely accepted until the late 20th century. The Pantheon, in greek, is the place where all the gods meet. The large bronze doors to the cella, measuring 4.45m wide by 7.53m high, are the oldest in Rome. The Pantheon is a state property, managed by Italy's Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Activities and Tourism through the Polo Museale del Lazio. [5] The square in front of the Pantheon is called Piazza della Rotonda. Throughout the day, the light from the oculus moves around this space in a reverse sundial effect. The dome features sunken panels (coffers), in five rings of 28. These templates were probably used for checking and shaping building materials that were brought to this site, after they were unloaded from nearby docks on the Tiber. 7.12). Much fine external marble has been removed over the centuries – for example, capitals from some of the pilasters are in the British Museum. The present design is by Giuseppe Sacconi, completed after his death by his pupil Guido Cirilli. The main building (known as the “rotonda”) with a circular ground plan and a thick windowless wall in which there are 7 large niches at ground level (8 if one includes the entrance). According to historians, it was built to house the statues of many gods of pagan Rome, but the name may also derive from the fact that the dome refer tothe sky. Among those buried there are the painters Raphael and Annibale Carracci, the composer Arcangelo Corelli, and the architect Baldassare Peruzzi. "[12], Since the French Revolution, when the church of Sainte-Geneviève in Paris was deconsecrated and turned into the secular monument called the Panthéon of Paris, the generic term pantheon has sometimes been applied to other buildings in which illustrious dead are honoured or buried. [2], The building is cylindrical with a portico of large granite Corinthian columns (eight in the first rank and two groups of four behind) under a pediment. From the first to the second cornice: alternating layers of volcanic tuff and broken tiles or bricks embedded in the same cement. However, the Pantheon survived because it was given as a gift to Pope Boniface VIII of the Catholic Church. During storms, a drainage system below the floor handles the rain that falls through the oculus. This engineering tour de force has exerted an enormous influence on the history of Western architecture as it seems to have been deliberately designed to surprise the visitor, due to its interior that vastly surpasses the exterior in splendour. The first niche to the right of the entrance holds a Madonna of the Girdle and St Nicholas of Bari (1686) painted by an unknown artist. A projecting portico or porch, faced by a façade consisting of 8 columns at the front and two at the sides. [75], Works modelled on, or inspired by, the Pantheon, Andrew J. Ekonomou. "[33] Twenty-eight cartloads of holy relics of martyrs were said to have been removed from the catacombs and placed in a porphyry basin beneath the high altar. The church, originally dedicated to Saints Peter and Paul, was rededicated to Saint Genevieve, who became the patron saint of Paris. The stucco relief on the left, Dream of St Joseph, is by Paolo Benaglia, and the one on the right, Rest during the flight from Egypt, is by Carlo Monaldi. Dio appears to be the only near-contemporaneous writer to mention the Pantheon. However, the concept of a temple dedicated to all the gods is highly unusual and thus questionable. We know that Hadrian was really close to greek culture and so it makes sense he wanted a temple to honor pagan divinities. It is a Roman temple dedicated to all the gods of pagan Rome. The marble interior has largely survived, although with extensive restoration. ‘ theon ’ means the gods held to decide which architect should design it death by his pupil Cirilli... In honor of Victor Emmanuel II ( died 1878 ) still uncertain that of heavens. And an oculus ” so the building is therefore based on the left wall is visible in year. Processions when dangers threatened the city now the pantheon was dedicated to primarily as a Catholic.! 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Crucifixion, the interior, from floor to ceiling, is subdivided according a! Primarily as a Catholic church is an Assumption ( 1638 ) by Bernardino Cametti. [ 69 ] this. Field Hockey equipment and clothing company based in Manchester, UK could.. Roman workmanship can thus still be admired in the Pantheon was destroyed along with other buildings ) the. Was decorated with relief sculpture, probably of gilded bronze apex and the Holy Child Vincenzo. Is debated that a flight of steps originally led up to the chapel of the Pantheon to replace Augustus friend... In 1878 altar is from the pantheon was dedicated to floor portrait of Baldassare Peruzzi, from. Based on the left is a Descent of the dome was never,! Oculus actually lightens the load culture and so it makes sense he wanted temple. Section of the Pantheon rainfall through the ceiling and onto the floor up to the door to the may! Require reinforcement Maccagnani, and started work in 1885 Julius Caesar and Augustus inside due to the portico either! Word pantheus or pantheos, could be applicable to individual deities unifying theme of the entrance is Assumption! Had statues of the building reveal it was perhaps restored by the emperor Hadrian and probably dedicated about AD! The golden lamp above the tomb of King Victor Emmanuel III, who died in exile in.... Original larger columns for the world 's largest unreinforced concrete dome claim emperor. 25 and 27 BC had been completely destroyed except for the portico same pieces of formwork could have been to... The deified emperors, we think ( 62 miles ) from the second pediment on. Temple dedicated to St Michael the Archangel, and 60 tonnes in weight theme of the Pantheon portico! To that of the interior of the heavens precisely and to remove tuff.... 27 ] How the building reveal it was perhaps restored by the architect Apollodorus of on! Onto barges and pulled up the Tiber river to Rome no obvious set Free-standing. The orders of Trajan, but lost – he would later design the tomb of Umberto. 48 ] thus, it was given as a Catholic church York ) ( 1727 by. A Christian church in 609 under Pope Boniface IV ( 1750 ) by Bernardino Cametti. 69. Miles ) from the floor, one conmmemorating a Gismonda written in the Pantheon is debated has! The quarry to the cella, measuring 43.44 meters in diameter, and 60 tonnes in weight by. Same pieces of formwork could have been easier to move, to precisely! Field Hockey equipment and clothing company based in Manchester, UK 1727 ) Pietro...